Melatonina, lactancia materna y sueño: revisión del tema / Melatonin, breastfeeding and sleep: topic review

Se revisa en el binomio madre-recién nacidos o/y lactantes, los diferentes ritmos circadianos, especialmente del sueño, la secreción de melatonina y las características de la leche materna. Se aconseja manejo para evitar la cronodisrupción

It is reviewed in the binomial mother-newborns or/and infants, the different circadian rhythms, especially sleep, melatonin secretion and the characteristics of breast milk. Handling is advised to avoid chrono disruption

Effect of açai supplementation (Euterpe Oleracea Mart) associated with exercise in animals and human: a scoping review / Efeitos da suplementação com açaí (Euterpe Oleracea Mart) associada ao exercício físico em animais e humanos: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective This scoping review aimed to map evidence on açai supplementation combined with exercise in animal and/or human experimental studies. Methods The search considered six electronic databases and screening of relevant references. The selection process and data extraction were performed by two independent authors. The study characteristics, and AS (e.g., form, intervention time, amount ingested) and exercise (e.g., types, intensity, and duration) strategies were summarized, as well as their reported results. Results From an initial total of 342 studies identified; 11 (5 with animal and 6 with human models) were eligible. In animals, açai supplementation and exercise led to benefits in exercise tolerance and improvements in several hemodynamic parameters, as well as significant improvements in liver markers and glucose metabolism. In humans, açai supplementation indicated positive results in increasing exhaustion time to 90% of VO2max and increasing intensity at the anaerobic threshold. Conclusion We conclude that future research involving animals and humans should examine açai supplementation and exercise with (a) obesity models to test the effect of adiponectin on body composition with analysis of histological and histochemical parameters; (b) eccentric injury protocols with the incorporation of muscle quality variables to assess recovery; (c) chronic açai supplementation and strength training; (d) comparison of different forms of açai supplementation in exercise protocols.

RESUMO Objetivo Esta revisão de escopo teve como objetivo mapear evidências sobre a suplementação com açaí combinada com exercícios físicos em estudos experimentais em animais e / ou humanos. Métodos A busca considerou seis bases de dados eletrônicas além da triagem de referências relevantes. O processo de seleção e extração de dados foi realizado por dois autores independentes. As características do estudo, estratégias de suplementação de açaí (forma, tempo de intervenção, e quantidade ingerida) e exercícios (tipos, intensidade e duração), seus resultados foram resumidos. Resultados Um total de 342 estudos foram inicialmente alcançados e somente 11 foram elegíveis (5 com animais e 6 com humanos). Em animais, a suplementação de açaí e os exercícios indicaram benefícios na tolerância ao exercício e melhorias em vários parâmetros hemodinâmicos, bem como melhorias significativas nos marcadores hepáticos e no metabolismo da glicose. Em humanos, a suplementação de açaí indicou resultados positivos no aumento do tempo de exaustão para 90% do VO2máx e no aumento da intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio. Conclusão Concluiu-se que pesquisas futuras envolvendo animais e humanos devem examinar a suplementação de açaí e exercícios com (a) modelos de obesidade para testar o efeito da adiponectina na composição corporal por meio de parâmetros histológicos e histoquímicos (b) protocolos de dano muscular excêntrico com incorporação de variáveis de qualidade muscular para avaliação da recuperação; (c) suplementação crônica de açaí e treinamento de força; (d) comparação das diferentes formas de suplementação de açaí em protocolos de exercícios.

Consumo de alimentos funcionales por estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos / Consumption of functional foods by Ecuadorian university students

El consumo de alimentos funcionales durante la etapa de estudiantes universitarios es crucial para asegurar un consumo adecuado de nutrientes, por esta razón, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el consumo de alimentos funcionales en estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos. El marco poblacional estuvo constituido por todos los estudiantes del primer nivel (111) y del décimo año (59) de la carrera de medicina periodo 2018-2019. Los resultados muestran que el 51,1% de los estudiantes ecuatorianos declararon consumir siempre o casi siempre vegetales con compuestos bioactivos. Al comparar su consumo entre el primero y décimo nivel no se observaron diferencias significativas (P> 0,05). El vegetal de mayor consumo fue la zanahoria seguido por brócoli y productos a base de tomate. El 78,2% de los estudiantes manifestó consumir siempre o casi siempre frutas; entre las frutas de mayor consumo está la manzana (89,4%), seguida de los frutos rojos, duraznos, mango y kiwi. El consumo de manzana entre los estudiantes del primero y décimo nivel mostró diferencias significativas (P< 0,05). Solo un pequeño porcentaje de estudiantes manifestó consumir semillas oleaginosas como linaza y chía. Las lentejas, el frijol y los garbanzos son las legumbres consumidas con más frecuencia. Los estudiantes casi nunca o nunca consumen frutos secos. La mayoría (72,0%) de los estudiantes manifestó que siempre consumían yogurt con probióticos. Un elevado porcentaje de estudiantes universitarios consume alimentos con propiedades funcionales debido a sus compuestos bioactivos como fitoquímicos, polifenoles, carotenoides y vitaminas que pueden prevenir o reducir el riego de enfermedades importantes(AU)

Functional foods during the stage of university study is crucial to ensure an adequate intake of nutrients for this reason, the objective of this research was to determine the consumption of functional food in Ecuadorian students. The population frame was constituted by all the students of the first and tenth level of medical career period 2018-2019. The results show that the 51.1% of Ecuadorian surveyed students stated that always or almost always consume vegetables with bioactive compounds. When comparing their consumption between the first and the tenth level no significant differences (P> 0.05) were observed. The vegetable with the highest consumption was carrots, followed by broccoli and tomato- based products. The 78.2% of the students stated that always or almost always consume fruits. Among the fruits with the highest consumption is the apple (89.4) followed by red fruits, peaches and nectarines, mango, and kiwi. Apple consumption among first and tenth level students showed significant differences (P< 0.05). Only a small percentage of students reported consuming oilseeds as flaxseed and chía. Lentils, beans and chickpeas are the most commonly consumed legumes. Students almost never or never consume nuts. A high percentage (72.0%) student stated that they always consumed yogurt with probiotics. Most of students consume foods with functional properties due to its bioactive compounds such as phytochemicals, polyphenols, carotenoids and vitamins that can reduce the risk of major diseases(AU)

Eugenia Klotzschiana O. Berg Fruits as New Sources of Nutrients: Determination of their Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition

Abstract: The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and Brazil's second largest biome. Many native species of the Brazilian Cerrado provide fruits that have unique sensory characteristics and high nutritional value. This study aimed at characterizing the pulp of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg, concerning its proximal composition, bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity. The pulp under study had high moisture (89.47 g kg-1) and caloric (96.07 kcal kg-1) values whereas its contents of protein (0.59 g kg-1) and lipids (2.35 g kg-1) were low. The cerrado pear pulp also had high iron content (16.5 mg kg -1) and dietary fiber (6.45 g kg-1), besides 0.034-0,055 mg kg-1 carotenoids, 8.66 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid and 0.66 mg kg-1 total chlorophyll. Total phenolic compounds (333.41-566.33 mg EAG kg-1) and flavonoids (225-50 mg EQ kg-1) were found by extraction methods named Method 1 (water) and Method 2 (acetone+methanol), respectively. Thus, the cerrado pear can be an alternative to improving nutrient intake and to providing sustainable use of the native flora in the Cerrado.

Copper stress induces antioxidant responses and accumulation of sugars and phytochelatins in Antarctic Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl

BACKGROUND: In field, C. quitensis Is subjected to many abiotic extreme environmental conditions, such as low temperatures, high UV-B, salinity and reduced water potentials, but not metal or metalloid high concentrations in soil, however, other members of Caryophyllaceae family have tolerance to high concentrations of metals, this is the case of Silene genre. In this work, we hypothesize that C. quitensis have the same mechanisms of Silene to tolerate metals, involving accumulation and induction of antioxidant systems, sugar accumulation and the induction of thiols such as phytochelatins to tolerate. RESULTS: The results showing an effective antioxidant defensive machinery involving non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolics, GSH and ascorbic acid, in another hand, GSH-related oligomers (phytochelatins) and sugars was induced as a defensive mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Colobanthus quitensis exhibits certain mechanisms to tolerate copper in vitro demonstrating its plasticity to tolerate several abiotic stress conditions.

Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante, características fisicoquímicas y perfil sensorial de Opuntia robusta y O. ficus-indica / Evaluation of antioxidant capacity, physicochemical characteristics and sensory profile of Opuntia robusta and O. ficus-indica

Las Opuntia spp. son un recurso fitogenético Mexicano de gran valor nutritivo y alto contenido de betalaínas, compuestos conocidos por sus propiedades antioxidantes. Este estudio evaluó las características fisicoquímicas, el contenido de betalaínas y su capacidad antioxidante (CA), así como el perfil sensorial de frutos de O. robusta y O. ficusindica. Esta última presentó mayor acidez y contenido de sólidos solubles (F= 769,2; P= 0,0001), (F= 360,4; P ≤0,0001), que O. robusta. En humedad y contenido de cenizas no hubo diferencias significativas entre ambas especies. La concentración de betalaínas fue superior en Opuntia robusta (F=529,1; P= ≤0,0001) betacianinas (0,114 mg/mL pulpa) y betaxantinas (0,073 mg/ mL de pulpa), en O. ficus-indica (0,023 mg/ mL de pulpa y 0,0198 mg/ mL de pulpa). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la CA (F=545,9; P ≤0,0001), en O. ficus-indica hasta 195,38 µmol equivalente Trolox/ mL por el método Ácido2, 2´-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina)6-sulfónico (ABTS) y 22% de inhibición de radicales libres por el método 2,2 difenil-1-pricrilhidrazilo (DPPH), para O. robusta 165,6 µmol equivalente Trolox/ mL y más del 36% de inhibición de radicales libres. Los resultados mostraron que la CA está directamente relacionada con la concentración de betacianinas y betaxantinas. Ambas variedades de Opuntia exhiben una tendencia a lo dulce y ácido, con aromas, sabores y resabios con notas frutales y vegetales. Estos resultados sugieren que estas especies pueden ser empleadas para la extracción de betalaínas debido a su gran potencial para utilizarse en la industria como fuente de pigmentos naturales con propiedades antioxidantes y agradables características sensoriales(AU)

Opuntia spp. are a Mexican phytogenetic resource with great nutritive value and high betalains (compounds known for their antioxidant properties) content. Our main goal was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, betalains concentration and antioxidant capacity (AC), as well as sensory profiles of Opuntia robusta and O. ficus-indica, where the later one showed higher acidity and soluble solids content (F= 769.2; P= 0.0001 and F= 360.4; P ≤0.0001 respectively) than O. robusta. There was no significant difference between the species in terms of humidity and ash content. Betalains concentrations were higher in Opuntia robusta (F=529.1; P= ≤0.0001), while betacyanins (0.114 mg/ mL pulp) and betaxantins (0.073 mg/ mL de pulp) were higher in O. ficus-indica (0.023 mg/ mL pulp and 0.0198 mg/ mL de pulp). Significant differences for AC were found (F=545.9, P ≤0.0001), with O. ficus-indica showing up to 195.38 µmol Trolox equivalent / mL by the method 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 22% of free radicals inhibition by the method 2, 2 diphenyl-1-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while 165.6 µmol Trolox equivalent / mL and more than 36% free radicals inhibition were found for O. robusta. Results showed that the antioxidant capacity is directly related with betacyanins and betaxantines concentration. Both Opuntia varieties exhibit a tendency to sweetness and acidity, with aromas, flavors and scents within fruity and vegetable notes. These results suggest that both species could be used in the extraction of betalains due to their great industrial potential as a source of natural pigments with antioxidant properties and pleasant sensorial characteristics(AU)

Antioxidant supplements and gastrointestinal diseases: a critical appraisal

The gastrointestinal tract digests and absorbs dietary nutrients, protects the body against physical and chemical damage from contents in its lumen, provides immunity against external antigens, and keeps an optimum environment for the gut microbiota. These functions cannot be performed normally in several diseases of which the following are discussed here: irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcer-ative colitis

Because these diseases are associated with oxi-dative stress, a host of antioxidant supplements are used for maintenance and recovery of the gut functions. However, the benefits of these supplements have not been established

The available 80 human trials were rated for levels of confidence and for benefits of the antioxidant supplements. For Crohn's disease, the supplements for which clear benefits occurred in at least 2 studies were allopurinol, Boswellia serrata [frankincense or shallaki], Artemesia species [worm-Wood], Tripterygium wilfordii [lei gong teng], and omega-3 fatty acids. Similar beneficial supplements for ulcerative colitis were allopurinol, Motricorio chamomillo [chamomile], Curcuma longa [curcumin in turmeric], and omega-3 fatty acids. There was also a clear benefit for ulcerative colitis in 2 studies where a multiherbal Chinese medicine preparation and an Ayurvedic medicine preparation were used. For irritable bowel syndrome, there was only a marginal benefit of some of the antioxidant supplements. Thus, some antioxidant supplements may be beneficial at certain stages of specific diseases. This is consistent with the current concept that antioxidants act by inhibiting oxidative stress pathways in a tissue- and environment-specific manner and not by simply acting asscavengers

The effects of an experimentally induced unilateral varicose ovarian vein on the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes in an adult rat ovary / Efectos de la inducción experimental unilateral de una vena ovárica varicosa sobre las actividades de las enzimas anti-oxidantes en ovarios de ratas adultas

In this study, we aim to examine effects of an experimentally induced unilateral varicose ovarian vein on the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes in an adult rat ovary. In this experimental study, a total of 30 adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. 10 rats in group 1 as the varicocele group, 10 rats in group 2 as the control group and 10 rats in group 3 as the sham group, that underwent a sham operation and. Anti-oxidant assays were assessed via specific assay kits. Statistical analysis was performed using the one way ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used for post hoc multiple comparisons, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The effects of the unilateral varicosity was more evident on the left side when compared to the right side as all activities of the anti-oxidant assayed were significantly reduced, P 0.05 when compared to the right side. Also, in this present study, the effect of the unilateral varicose vein was bilateral as there were no significant differences recorded between the two sides. Finally the result of this study shows that varicocele may lead to female infertility through various factors that includes reduction in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes.

En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue examinar los efectos de la inducción experimental unilateral de una vena ovárica varicosa en la actividad de enzimas antioxidantes en un ovario de rata adulta. Un total de 30 ratas albinas Wistar, hembras adultas, se dividieron en tres grupos. Diez ratas en el grupo 1 (grupo varicocele), diez ratas en el grupo 2 (grupo de control) y diez ratas en el grupo 3 (grupo de tratamiento simulado), que se sometió a una operación simulada. Ensayos con anti-oxidantes se evaluaron a través de kits de ensayo específicos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante ANOVA de una vía y las pruebas de Tukey fueron utilizadas para comparaciones múltiples Post Hoc, siendo el P<0,05 considerado como estadísticamente significativo. Los efectos de la varicosidad unilateral fue más evidente en el lado izquierdo cuando fue comparada con el lado derecho en todas las actividades del ensayo con anti-oxidante que se redujeron significativamente, el P 0,05 cuando se compara con el lado derecho. Asimismo, en el presente estudio, el efecto de la vena varicosa unilateral fue bilateral ya que no hubo diferencias significativas registradas entre las dos partes. Por último, el resultado de este estudio muestra que el varicocele puede conducir a la infertilidad femenina a través de diversos factores que incluye la reducción en la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes.

Priming previne a insuficiência renal aguda nefrotóxica através da estimulação do mecanismo de defesa antioxidante / Priming prevent nephrotoxic acute renal failure through stimulation of antioxidant defense mechanism

RESUMO Introdução: Priming é um mecanismo de proteção induzida pela exposição anterior de uma célula ou órgão a baixas ou mesmas concentrações de uma substância tóxica. Objetivo: analisar o mecanismo de priming induzido pela exposição a gentamicina em células tubulares proximais humanas e na insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). Métodos: Células tubulares foram expostos a 2 mM de gentamicina durante 24 horas, enquanto ratos Wistar foram expostas a 40 mg/kg durante 3 dias. Depois de uma semana, as células foram expostas à mesma concentração durante 24h e os ratos durante dez dias. Os animais condicionados foram comparados com ratos controle e tratados com gentamicina durante 10 dias. Foram analisados parâmetros bioquímicos, o estresse oxidativo foi analisado por hidroperóxidos e proteínas carboniladas urinárias, enquanto a defesa antioxidante foi estudada pela atividade antioxidante do plasma e imunomarcação e atividade da catalase, superóxido dismutase, heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) nos rins. Necrose, apoptose, proliferação e expressão da endotelina-1 (ET-1) e HO-1 foram estudadas em células. Resultados: o condicionamento dos animais inibiu o aumento da creatinina, ureia, excreção urinária de sódio e de proteína induzida por gentamicina. Bosentana, antagonista do receptor ET-1, e hemin, indutor de HO-1, potencializaram a inibição. O mecanismo de proteção foi mediado pela indução de enzimas antioxidantes HO-1, catalase e SOD atividade e redução do estresse oxidativo. O condicionamento inibiu a morte celular e induziu a proliferação via produção de ET-1. Conclusão: o mecanismo de condicionamento é persistente e multifactorial, o estímulo da defesa antioxidante poderia mimetizar o processo de condicionamento e impedir a IRA.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Priming is the mechanism of protection induced by a previous exposition of a cell or organ to low or equal concentrations of a toxic substance. Objective: To analyze the mechanism of priming induced by the previous exposition to gentamicin in human proximal tubular cells and nephrotoxic acute renal failure (ARF). Methods: Wistar rats and tubular cells were exposed to gentamicin 2mM during 24h or 40 mg/kg during 3 days and after one rest week were exposed to the same concentration during 24h in cells and additional ten days in rats. The primed animals were compared to control rats receiving vehicle and GENTA animals treated with the gentamicin during the same period. Biochemical parameters were analyzed. The oxidative stress was analyzed by urinary hydroperoxides and carbonylated protein while antioxidant defense was studied by antioxidant activity of the plasma (FRAP), catalase, superoxide dismutase, heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) immunostaining and enzymatic activity in kidney. Necrosis, apoptosis, proliferation, endothelin 1 (ET-1) and HO-1 expression were studied in cells. Results: Priming of the animals inhibited the increase in creatinine, urea, sodium excretion and urinary protein induced by gentamicin. Bosentan, ET-1 receptor antagonist, and hemin, HO-1 inducer, potentiate the inhibition. The mechanism of protection was mediated by induction of the antioxidant enzymes HO-1, catalase and SOD activity and oxidative stress reduction. Priming inhibited cell death and induced proliferation through ET-1 production. Conclusion: Priming is a persistent and multifactorial mechanism, the stimulation of the antioxidant defense could mimics partially the priming process and prevent the ARF.

The antioxidative defense system is involved in the premature senescence in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89)

BACKGROUND: α-Farnesene is a volatile sesquiterpene synthesized by the plant mevalonate (MVA) pathway through the action of α-farnesene synthase. The α-farnesene synthase 1 (MdAFS1) gene was isolated from apple peel (var. white winterpearmain), and transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). The transgenic plants had faster stem elongation during vegetative growth and earlier flowering than wild type (WT). Our studies focused on the transgenic tobacco phenotype. RESULTS: The levels of chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and a lower seed biomass and reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in transgenic plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radicals (O2._) had higher levels in transgenics compared to controls. Transgenic plants also had enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. The transcriptome of 8-week-old plants was studied to detect molecular changes. Differentially expressed unigene analysis showed that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, cell growth, and death unigenes were upregulated. Unigenes related to photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated. Combined with the expression analysis of senescence marker genes, these results indicate that senescence started in the leaves of the transgenic plants at the vegetative growth stage. CONCLUSIONS: The antioxidative defense system was compromised and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) played an important role in the premature aging of transgenic plants.

Assessment of antioxidants status and superoxide dismutase activity in HIV-infected children

Objective: This study aims to assess the nutritional status of selenium, copper and zinc; and also the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity of HIV-infected children compared to a control group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with prepubertal HIV-infected children (n = 51) and their healthy siblings (n = 32). All biochemical measurements including plasma selenium, serum copper levels, serum and erythrocyte zinc levels and erythrocyte super-oxide dismutase activity were evaluated according to dietary, clinical and biochemical parameters. Results: Compared to the control group, the HIV-infected children had lower z-score values for height-for-age (p = 0.0006), higher prevalence of stunting (11.8%) (p = 0.047), lower selenium levels (p = 0.0006) and higher copper levels (p = 0.019). No difference was found concerning superoxide dismutase activity (p > 0.05). The HIV-infected group presented a higher proportion (45.1%) of children with zinc intakes below the estimated average requirement (p = 0.014); however, no association with zinc biochemical parameters was found. Conclusion: HIV-infected children have an inadequate selenium and copper nutritional status, which could influence the progression to AIDS. An adequate micronutrient status could improve the clinical conditions in these patients and minimize free radical production and cellular oxidative stress. .

Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of Vitamin C in oral environment.

Context: Antioxidant properties and Vitamin C. Background: Vitamin C is a naturally occurring organic compound and a potent antioxidant preventing oxidative damage to lipids and other macromolecules. It can also exhibit bimodal activity as a pro‑oxidant at a higher concentration. Vitamin C has a switch over role from being an antioxidant in physiologic conditions to a pro‑oxidant under pathologic conditions. A systematic review of this role would help to elucidate whether it is an antioxidant or a pro‑oxidant in the oral environment. Objective: To review studies reported in the literature elucidating the activity of Vitamin C and determine whether it is an antioxidant or a pro‑oxidant. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE using appropriate key words like “Vitamin C,” “antioxidant activity,” “pro‑oxidant activity,” “oral health” “oral disease.” Hand search of journals was also performed. Articles were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Search strategy reviewed 10 relevant articles which studied the dual role of Vitamin C. 65% of authors analyzed antioxidant action of ascorbic acid compared to 35% of the pro‑oxidant potential. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant and a pro‑oxidant by a plethora of mechanisms. Factors determining its bimodal activity were studied, and the frequencies of their occurrence in the literature were depicted in percentage. Conclusion: The data validates the role of Vitamin C as an antioxidant under physiologic conditions exhibiting a cross over role as a pro‑oxidant in pathological conditions. Further studies are required to substantiate its pro‑oxidant activity to draw concrete conclusions.

Sistema antioxidante enzimático e indicadores de daño oxidativo en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Antioxidant enzymatic system and oxidative damage indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes

Several biological processes are involved in the oxidative stress present in diabetes mellitus; among them we can find glucose autooxidation, proteins glycation and decreased antioxidant defenses. Free radicals yielded at mitochondrial level could be a trigger to unchain the vicious circle of the oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Aims: to determine antioxidant system’s alterations and indicators of oxidative damage on lipids and proteins in patients with type II Diabetes and a control group. Materials and Methods: It was analyzed 120 serum samples; 60 from patients that suffer type II diabetic from endocrinology surgery belonging “Casa de atención al paciente diabético”in Santa Clara, Villa Clara and 60 samples from healthy individuals used as control group. Spectrofotometric techniques were used to assess levels of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase activity as well as concentrations of reduced glutathione, malonildialdehide and advanced products of proteins Oxidation. Results were compared using the statistical software SPSS. Results: Diabetes type 2 patients showed decreased of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase enzymatic activity (p = 0,003) and (p = 0,013) respectively as well as and reduced Glutathione levels (p = 0,038). Malondialdehide and Advanced Products of Proteins Oxidation were increased (p = 0,000) in diabetics patients compared with control group. Conclusions: it was found redox alterations in patients that suffer type 2 Diabetes. These alterations are evidenced by a reduced antioxidant enzymatic system and damage on macromolecules such as lipids and proteins...

Impacto da ingestão dietética e do estresse oxidativo em pacientes com doença trofoblástica gestacional / Impact of dietary intake and oxidative stress in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease

A doença trofoblástica gestacional (DTG) é um termo aplicado a um grupo de tumores relacionados à gestação, caracterizando formas benignas (mola hidatiforme - MH) e malignas (neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional - NTG). O estresse oxidativo, a ingestão dietética e o estado nutricional da gestante constituem possíveis fatores de risco para a ocorrência da MH e sua progressão para NTG. A presente revisão tem como objetivo abordar a relação entre essas entidades. Apesar de haver evidências mostrando que a ingestão dietética e o estresse oxidativo possam ter papéis relevantes na etiopatogênese da DTG, ainda são necessários muitos estudos para uma melhor investigação da atuação desses agentes na gravidez molar e suas sequelas malignas e proliferativas.(AU)

The gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term applied to a rare group of pregnancy related tumors of benign forms (hydatidiform mole - HM) as well as malignant ones (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia - GTN). Oxidative stress, dietetic intake and nutritional status of pregnant women are possible risk factors for the occurrence of HM and its progression to GTN. This review aims to address the relationship between these entities. Besides the evidences supporting that dietetic intake and oxidative stress may have important roles in the GTD etiopathogenesis, many studies are needed to better investigate the role of these agents in molar pregnancy and their proliferative and malignant sequelae.(AU)

Association between oxidative stress and nutritional status in the elderly / Associação entre estresse oxidativo e estado nutricional de idosos.

Ageing is a dynamic and progressive process that is characterized by the occurrence of morphological, biochemical, functional and psychological changes in the organism. The aim of the present article is to provide updated concepts on oxidative stress, covering its importance in aging, as well as nutritional status and supplementation with antioxidants (substances that prevent or attenuate oxidation of oxidizable substrates, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and deoxyribonucleic acid) in the geriatric population. Evidence suggests that there is an inverse relationship between oxidative stress and nutritional status in elderly individuals. Although an increase in oxidative stress in chronic diseases associated with aging has been proven, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, up to now there has been no consistent clinical evidence proving the efficiency of supplementation with antioxidants against oxidative stress. In this context, supplementation is not recommended. On the other hand, the elderly should be encouraged to eat antioxidant foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Maintaining a normal weight (body mass index between 23 and 28 Kg/m2) should also be stimulated.

O envelhecimento é um processo dinâmico e progressivo que se caracteriza pela ocorrência de modificações morfológicas, bioquímicas, funcionais e psicológicas do organismo. O objetivo do presente artigo é fornecer conceitos atualizados sobre estresse oxidativo, abordando sua importância no envelhecimento, assim como o estado nutricional e suplementação com antioxidantes (substâncias que evitam ou atenuam a oxidação de substratos oxidáveis, como lipídeos, proteínas, carboidratos e o ácido desoxirribonucleico) na população geriátrica. Evidências sugerem que existe uma relação inversa entre estresse oxidativo e estado nutricional em indivíduos idosos. Embora seja comprovado o aumento do estresse oxidativo nas doenças crônicas associadas ao envelhecimento, como doença de Parkinson e doença de Alzheimer, não há, até o momento, evidências clínicas consistentes que comprovem a eficiência da suplementação com antioxidantes contra o estresse oxidativo. Nesse contexto, a suplementação não é recomendada. Por outro lado, idosos devem ser encorajados a ingerir alimentos antioxidantes, como, por exemplo, frutas e vegetais. A manutenção do peso dentro da faixa de normalidade (índice de massa corpórea entre 23 e 28 kg/m2) também deve ser estimulada.

Antioxidant factors, nitric oxide levels, and cellular damage in leprosy patients

Introduction The immune response caused by Mycobacterium leprae is a risk factor for the development of oxidative stress (OS) in leprosy patients. This study aimed to assess OS in leprosy patients before the use of a multidrug therapy. Methods We evaluated the nitric oxide (NO) concentration; antioxidant capacity; levels of malondialdehyde, methemoglobin and reduced glutathione; and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leprosy patients. Results We observed lower SOD activity in these leprosy patients; however, the NO levels and antioxidant capacity were increased. Conclusions The infectious process in response to M. leprae could primarily be responsible for the OS observed in these patients. .

Estado oxidante e antioxidante de crianças com bronquiolite aguda / Oxidative and antioxidative status of children with acute bronchiolitis

OBJETIVO: O estresse oxidativo demonstrou contribuir para a patogênese de doenças pulmonares inflamatórias agudas e crônicas. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o estado oxidante/antioxidante de crianças com bronquiolite aguda por meio de mensuração da capacidade antioxidante total do plasma, estado oxidante total e índice de estresse oxidativo. MÉTODOS: As crianças com bronquiolite aguda encaminhadas para o Departamento de Emergência Pediátrica do hospital universitário entre janeiro e abril 2012 foram comparadas a controles saudáveis de mesma idade. Os pacientes com bronquiolite aguda tiveram essa doença classificada como leve e moderada. O estado oxidante e antioxidante foi avaliado pela mensuração da capacidade antioxidante total do plasma, estado oxidante total e índice de estresse oxidativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 31 crianças com bronquiolite aguda com idade de três meses a dois anos e 37 crianças saudáveis. O estado oxidante total (EOT) foi maior em pacientes com bronquiolite aguda do que no grupo de controle (5,16±1,99 µmol H2O2 em comparação a 3,78±1,78 µmol H2O2 [p = 0,004]). A capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) foi significativamente menor em crianças com bronquiolite que no grupo de controle (2,51±0,37 µmol Trolox equivalente/L em comparação a 2,75±0,39 µmol Trolox Eqv/L) (p = 0,013). Os pacientes com bronquiolite moderada apresentaram níveis de EOT mais elevados que os com bronquiolite leve e os do grupo de controle (p = 0,03, p < 0,001). Os pacientes com bronquiolite moderada apresentaram níveis de IEO mais elevados que os do grupo de controle (p = 0,015). O nível de saturação de oxigênio de pacientes com bronquiolite foi inversamente correlacionado ao nível de EOT (r = -0,476, p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O equilíbrio entre os sistemas oxidante e antioxidante é interrompido em crianças com bronquiolite moderada, indicando que o fator de estresse poderá ter um papel na patogênese da doença.

OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status of children with acute bronchiolitis through the measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. METHODS: Children with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the pediatric emergency department of a university hospital between January and April of 2012 were compared with agematched healthy controls. Patients with acute bronchiolitis were classified as mild and moderate bronchiolitis. Oxidative and antioxidative status were assessed by measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. RESULTS: Thirty-one children with acute bronchiolitis aged between 3 months and 2 years, and 39 healthy children were included. Total oxidative status (TOS) was higher in patients with acute bronchiolitis than the control group (5.16±1.99 µmol H2O2 versus 3.78±1.78 µmol H2O2 [p = 0.004]). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in children with bronchiolitis than the control group (2.51±0.37 µmol Trolox eqv/L versus 2.75±0.39 µmol Trolox eqv/L [p = 0.013]). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis presented higher TOS levels than those with mild bronchiolitis and the control group (p = 0.03, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis had higher oxidative stress index levels than the control group (p = 0.015). Oxygen saturation level of bronchiolitis patients was inversely correlated with TOS (r = -0.476, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems is disrupted in children with moderate bronchiolitis, which indicates that this stress factor may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

The role of antioxidants in cerebellar development: a review of literature / Rol de los antioxidantes en el desarrollo del cerebelo: una revisión de la literatura

Developmental pathologies may result from endogenous or xenobiotic-enhanced formation of reacting oxygen species (ROS), which oxidatively damage cellular macromolecules and/or alter signal transduction, and that the embryonic processes regulating the balance of ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage and repair, and ROS-mediated signal transduction may be important determinants of teratological risk. ROS can oxidize molecular targets such as DNA, protein, lipid in a process called oxidative stress resulting in cellular dysfunction and in utero death or teratogenicity. This review, consisting of literature search of journals and chapters in books aims at highlighting the importance of the cerebellum in controlling various motor activities in the body, as well as substances affecting cerebellar development with a view of providing an insight to the role antioxidants play in cerebellar development. It is interesting to note that the developing brain (especially the cerebellum, cerebrum and hippocampus) is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ROS. Studies have shown that exposure to oxidants in the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of major congenital anomalies, as most vital organs in the body develop and some become functional within this period in offspring. Antioxidants may prevent oxidative damage in degenerative diseases including ageing, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Parkinson's disease as such play a critical role in wellness and health maintenance.

Las patologías del desarrollo pueden resultar de la formación endógena o xenobiótica de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), que dañan oxidativamente macromoléculas celulares y/o alteran la transducción de señales, y los procesos embrionarios que regulan el equilibrio de la formación de ROS, daño oxidativo y reparación del ADN; la transducción de señales mediada por ROS pueden ser determinantes e importantes del riesgo teratológico. Las ROS pueden oxidar blancos moleculares como el ADN, proteínas y lípidos en un proceso llamado estrés oxidativo que resulta en disfunción celular y muerte intrauterina o teratogenicidad. Esta revisión consiste en la búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos y capítulos de libros con el objetivo de destacar la importancia del cerebelo en el control de diversas actividades motoras del cuerpo, así como las sustancias que afectan el desarrollo de él con el fin de proporcionar una visión del rol que juegan los antioxidantes en el desarrollo del cerebelo. Es interesante observar que el encéfalo en desarrollo (especialmente el cerebelo, cerebro e hipocampo) son altamente vulnerables a los efectos deletéreos de las ROS. Se ha demostrado que la exposición a oxidantes en el primer trimestre de embarazo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de anomalías congénitas graves, como la mayoría de los órganos vitales del cuerpo en desarrollo y algunos se vuelven funcionales dentro de este período en la descendencia. Los antioxidantes pueden prevenir el daño oxidativo en enfermedades degenerativas incluyendo envejecimiento, enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, enfermedad de Alzheimer, accidente cerebrovascular y enfermedad de Parkinson, y desempeñan un rol crítico en el mantenimiento de la salud y el bienestar.

Propiedades nutraceúticas del licopeno: [revisión] / Nutraceutical properties of lycopene: [review]

Las recomendaciones dietarias en los últimos años proponen el incremento del consumo de alimentos que contienen fitoquímicos, ya que éstos proveen efectos benéficos para la salud humana y juegan un papel importante en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas. El licopeno, carotenoide responsable del color rojo de los tomates, ha atraído la atención debido a sus propiedades biológicas y fisicoquímicas en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas como cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares y neurodegenerativas, e hipertensión, entre otras, en las cuales el estrés oxidativo es un importante factor etiológico. Los antioxidantes, incluyendo al licopeno, interactúan con las especies reactivas del oxígeno, pudiendo mitigar el efecto dañino y jugar un papel significativo en la prevención de dichas enfermedades. Este artículo presenta una revisión de algunos estudios epidemiológicos realizados en los últimos años acerca de los efectos benéficos del licopeno en la salud humana.

In recent years, dietary recommendations have suggested an increase in the consumption of foods that contain phytochemicals that provide benefits to human health and play an important role in preventing chronic diseases. Lycopene -the carotenoid responsible for the red color of tomatoes-has attracted attention because of its physicochemical and biological properties in the prevention of chronic diseases in which oxidative stress is a major etiological factor, such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and hypertension, among others. Antioxidants, including lycopene, interact with reactive oxygen species, can mitigate their damaging effects and play a significant role in preventing these diseases. This article presents a review of some epidemiological studies published in recent years on beneficial effects of lycopene in human health.